The Effect of Claustrophobia on Reaction Time - Free Essay Example

Experiencing claustrophobia has changed the norm of socializing for numbers of individuals around the world who undergo the irrational fear. Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder that is the fear of closed environments or having no escape, such as elevators or crowded rooms with no windows. Placing an individual in a triggering situation may lead them towards severe levels of anxiety, hence, it is common that people who suffer from this phobia tend to avoid the situation that may put them through anxiety. Previous research has suggested individuals who experience claustrophobia have mentioned that they clearly avoid situations that could provoke their phobia. Claustrophobics, according to researchers, showed significant increases in physiological measures of heart beat and respiration than those who did not suffer from claustrophobia when put in events that aroused their fear (Miller Bernstein, 1972). In Miller and Bernsteins study, 28 participants were individually observed in a dark chamber with the door closed for a total of three minutes and then another time for ten minutes. Their heart beat and respiration was recorded; participants who were completely petrified of dark, enclosed spaces indicated that the test was too intense for them. Besides two participants, the rest claimed that their phobia of enclosed spaces was triggered on an everyday basis. Moreover, all participants claimed that they avoided everyday-life situations due to their claustrophobia. Till this day, there has not been a found cause, genetic or conditioned, for claustrophobia. It is possible that due to a traumatic experience, claustrophobia can become conditioned and the individual will avoid small spaces. As for genetic mutations, a recent study conducted by Voikar et al. (2013) indicates that a leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein (LRRTM) deficiency in mice seemed to stimulate claustrophobic behavior in mice. This defect showed implications to autism and schizophrenia and this specific protein associated with these deficiencies was shown to have been found in humans as well. The procedure for this study included multiple activities where they were put into situations to test how their deficiencies affected their progress. Voikar et al. (2013) had the mice placed in an arena, half-lit and half-dark, where the mice did not prefer to enter the dark compartment. For mice, it is genetic in the species of rodents to go through closed spaces or tunnels, it was typ ical of all the cohorts of this study who lacked LRRTM to avoid entering the smaller areas and tubes during these tests. The researchers noticed similar behavior like anxiety and fear when put into the appropriate situations that generally trigger claustrophobia (Voikar et al., 2013). This provided a great scientific aspect of how the lack of a protein was associated in avoidance of small or narrow areas. In enclosed spaces, the claustrophobic individuals physiological factors are initially affected. It is the claustrophobic event that the individual is in that induces high levels of anxiety and heart rates that make the person want to avoid the situations in everyday life. McIsaac, Thordarson, Shafran, Rachman, and Poole (1998) attempted at viewing how psychological reactions were affected in terms of claustrophobia and brought out procedures involving MRI scans that tested 80 patients between the ages of 17-82. Patients who suffered from claustrophobia displayed feelings of distress and panic during their MRI sessions. The process began with a Claustrophobia Questionnaire that asked several questions testing their level of anxiety; it involved many potential situations and asked how the participant would feel in each one. This study had a non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design where they measured the anxiety levels of the participants five minutes before and five min utes after the MRI scan. They also followed up with a similar Claustrophobia Questionnaire one month later. The pre-scan test displayed measures of anxiety that were equal to those of the non-claustrophobic patients. Those who were taken in the scan feet-first had less anxiety than those who were taken head first. It was concluded that the anxiety brought in during MRI scans was due to claustrophobia. After the MRI scan, patients claimed that they had in increase in their fear of enclosed spaces. A similar study revolved around the same concept that the individuals who suffered from the irrational fear of enclosed spaces showed increasing rates of claustrophobia especially after they were put through an event that prompted it (Enders et al., 2011). While conducting their study, Enders et al. noticed that their participants had the most problematic period before the MRI began, during positioning, and even when reaching the final position. 98 participants, out of a total of 174, requi red sedation to complete their MRI as their claustrophobia prevented them from completing their MRI session. Both studies provided tests that measured anxiety levels after their treatments and it was determined that claustrophobics, after their sessions, did have significant increases in physiological factors, namely restriction and anxiety (Enders et al., 2011; McIsaac et al., 1998). In comparison to other phobias very similar to claustrophobia, it is the one that brings the most drastic reactions to the people. Different phobias begin at various ages, although it is not defined as to which phobia kicks in at which specific age. ?–st (1987) had the intention of comparing ages for various phobias and their onsets and how the different ways of getting those fears had some association with age. The patients of this examinations were provided pretest assessment which measured their heart rate and anxiety levels. To prove that each participant was cleared for being a subject in the study, they underwent a screening process where multiple factors sorted them out into groups relative to their phobia such as claustrophobia and agoraphobia which are quite similar in itself. They were then given questionnaires that measured the severity of their fear. Next came a behavioral avoidance test where the claustrophobic patient had to enter a locked windowless space and st ay in the confined area for a total of ten minutes. The participants heartbeat was observed throughout the entire test. Amongst the other phobias, claustrophobia ended up being the one that brought on the most anxiety to the participants. Agoraphobia, a similar phobia to claustrophobia, is when one is afraid of places that causes the individual to panic (?–st, 1987). Due to the panic, the subjects had the highest heart rate during the test and even before the test was initiated. Thus, physiological factors play a great part of social life as individuals with this fear often lean on avoidance behaviors in an everyday setting. Although the intensity of the phobia may fluctuate over time, it is certain that if a claustrophobic was put into a closed space to test their reaction, their heart rate and anxiety levels will have increased greatly in comparison to before the treatment (Wood McGlynn, 2000; ?–st, 1987; Enders et al., 2011). Research (Wood McGlynn, 2000) suggests that placing a claustrophobic person in the same situation that triggered their claustrophobia causes their reaction to intensify and avoid those situations more than before. In Wood and McGlynns study, college students were measured through a questionnaire that tested fear while their heart rate was measured. They were then escorted to a room where they were present before an MRI simulator while they were still attached to a heartbeat recorder. The questionnaire and heartbeat observations showed that there was a clear increase in fear from their initial assessment to their first behavioral avoidance test. As this was a follow-up, 2 5% of the participants indicated that their fear had returned, and even increased, from doing the procedure again. Using the heart-rates recorded, the studies analyzed that the return of claustrophobia had an accurate percentage of 91.67% when put in the same situation again. Hence, it is the avoidance behaviors of individuals with claustrophobia that allows them to survive on a day-to-day basis without triggering increasing heart rates and anxiety levels. Furthermore, the anxiety-inducing fear causes many physiological factors to react, and definitely not in a healthy way. As previous studies show, the reaction to claustrophobia in physiological terms ends with a significant increase in heart rate and anxiety levels. Van Diest, Smits, Decremer, Maes, and Claes (2010) explain these reactions by associating two components of bodily functions with the phobia: restriction and suffocation. When a claustrophobic individual is put in a situation where they feel restricted, it triggers the fear as they believe they cannot escape the potentially dangerous situation. Additionally, being in closed spaces allows them to believe there is insufficient air supply, thus bringing in the fear of suffocating (Van Diest, Smits, Decremer, Maes, Claes, 2010). These studies show that claustrophobia has an effect of physiological bodily functions. The relationship of whether claustrophobia has an effect on reaction time measuring in minutes to escape a clos ed environment has not been investigated yet. A non-manipulated control group experiment will be used to test how claustrophobia impacts the reaction time, measured in seconds, to escape closed environments and its influence on physiological factors, specifically heart rate and anxiety levels, as well. Based on previous research, I hypothesize that if a person who experiences the anxiety-inducing fear caused by confined areas, namely claustrophobia, is placed in a specific situation triggering their fear, then their reaction time to closed environments will be faster than one who does not suffer from claustrophobia.

Yakamashii A Japanese Word

The Japanese word yakamashii, pronounced yah-kah-mah-shee, means noisy or clamorous. Depending on the context, it may also mean faultfinding or critical. This is a very complex word that has even a third set of meanings: much-discussed or particular. Japanese Characters や㠁‹ã  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁„ Example Mika wa tabemono ni totemo yakamashii.ç ¾Å½Ã© ¦â„¢Ã£  ¯Ã© £Å¸Ã£  ¹Ã§â€° ©Ã£  «Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šâ€žÃ£ â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁„。 Translation:  Mika is very particular about food.

Who Can We Blame - 1392 Words

Who s to Blame? Have you been a victim of the so called â€Å" fast food obesity outbreak†? You re not the only one. In today s society this so called â€Å"fast food induced obesity† is a huge controversy concerning many countries today in time. The common culprits of the obesity issue is fast food, school lunch, and unhealthy food people consume at home. Who can we trust? Well many people believe that the consumer should not be responsible for their actions when it comes to consuming fast food, which is seen in this piece â€Å" Don t blame the eater,† by David Zinczenko. Throughout his essay he explains his reasoning with many hard facts and personal stories about fast food insufficient food labels and how they’re causing multiple health implications. Is that really the issue, though? Clearly the fast food industry has to take some of the blame for this problem,but they are not the direct cause. Therefore fast food is not a direct cause of â€Å" Fast food related il lness,† and obesity in America. Look around and see all the news and articles concerning the health risk of eating fast food in America and even other countries. In fact, the fast food is truly killing us. They leave out important warnings and try to hide important nutritional facts that counteract the ways of trying to eat healthy. The fast food companies should be taking responsibility for what they are doing to their customers. Zinczenko says â€Å"If you pour what you ve been served, you re suddenly up around 1,040Show MoreRelatedWhy Do We Blame The Victim?921 Words   |  4 PagesThere is an idea that we have become a nation of victims. Some psychologist and most people have a don’t blame the victim mentality. While other psychologist look at the victims as being held accountable in some cases. 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Service scape free essay sample

Comparing with other HM stores, it only attracts a small number of customers. As a result, our group made a research about the shop in order to discover the problems and provide meaningful suggestions. Based on the group member’s real introspection about the shop and the servicescape which enabled us to have general beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions toward the store (Elisabeth 2011), our group analyzed the problem of HM through three aspects, vision, odor and auditory sense. In order to draw more customers’ attention, we concluded several alternative choices that can be adopted to redesign the shop’s physical evidence. However, on account of the fact that only four introspections obtained, this research has several limitations. In the further study, researchers can interview more customers to acquire more reliable advices. The Introduction HM Hennes Mauritz is Sweden multinational company which is involved in the design, production and retail of fashion clothes and accessories. It had opened more 2,200 stores in 38 countries over the world until 2010 and continued to expand and open their new store in other five markets in 2011. The business concept of HM is to offer good quality fashion products at the best price. Without owning any production lines or factories, HM is supported by 700 supplies in 300 countries, and most of them are in Europe and Asia. In 2010, HM online store opened in the UK, which is one of the most significant markets. (HM Annual Report 2010) There are two HM stores located in Liverpool One. The HM Liverpool that is prepared to redesign the servicescape is on the Church Street, which is opened much earlier than the one on the Paradise Street. It is a three storeyed shop selling fashionable clothing and related accessories for women, men and kids. Compared with the HM on the Paradise Street, its decor style seems more old- fashioned looked from the exterior and the interior layout looks sort of crowded and disordered. Therefore, the redesign and modifications of the servicescape are considered necessary. Among a variety of factors in the auditory, visual and olfactory dimensions, music, color and scent will be the main focuses. Redesigning the auditory dimensions In terms of the musicscape, variables that may affect customer cognitive or emotional response to the service encounters in the store are the demographics of the firm’s target customer and the popularity of the music (Baron et al 2009). Oakes also found that factors regarding to the characteristics of the background music can be the type, tempo, harmony and volume (Oakes 2000). These two main aspects need to be considered together when modifying the auditory dimensions. Music Genre The HM 2010 Conscious Actions Sustainability Report states that their target customer is people at any age who love fashion and enjoy shopping fashionable and trendy products (HM 2010). In this sense, it might be better if the genre of background music in the store is pop and frequently heard in most instances. For example, research has found that customers tend to stay longer and spend more money if they think the background music is in accordance with the shop style (Radocy and Boyle 1997). The current music played in the store is basically congruent with the taste of the target customer. However, the constantly repeated melody can annoy customers who stay longer in the store. As the experience showed by our group member in the Introspection 4 (Appendices), the background music initially excited him but eventually became noise to him to some extent. In addition, North and Hargreaves also revealed that although pop music is more liked by most people, classical music can stimulate customer’s purchase intention and buy more expensive items (Oaks 2007). Therefore, the store can adjust the music style timely according to different needs of customers. Music Tempo HM Liverpool has been adopting the fast tempo music all the time. However, Baron et al suggest that slow tempos are more likely to create a relaxed and comfortable atmosphere than fast tempo music, which make customers stay longer in the service environment and purchase more products (Baron et al 2009). For this reason, it can be worthwhile for the manager to consider changing the fast tempo music into relatively slower tempo music. Besides, Sweeny and Wyber’s research also demonstrated that both the service quality and shopping pleasure perceived by customers can be positively influenced by slow popular and fast classical music in the retail environment (Sweeny and Wyber 2002). Music Volume The volume of the background music in HM Liverpool is comparatively high. The findings of Oaks’s studies revealed that low volume music facilitates a longer period of stay of customers in the retail store; nevertheless, loud music can influence the shopping pace of customers to become faster. Additionally, Stipp’s research indicated that women prefer slow and soft music than faster and louder music in contrast with men (Stipp 1990). Since female customer will normally account for the largest proportion in the total number of consumers, it is advisable to take this fact into consideration seriously. Furthermore, based our group member’s real experience, the loud background music in the store facilitated their quick leave indeed (Introspection 1). As a result, it is recommended that HM Liverpool can lower the music volume a bit, to avoid the noise effect perceived customers caused by the long time exposure to the high volume, and play more elegant and tasteful music. Redesigning the olfactory dimensions In terms of olfaction, although there is a voice claims that the effect of this stimulus on consumer behavior is inapparent and also has received less attention compared to other atmospheric factors (Teller and Dennis, 2011), more people argue that olfactory stimulus does influence the consumer behaviour and lead them to develop a holistic impression of the store (Ward et al, 2003). Therefore, scent is an indispensable part of store environment which should be paid more attention and improved by HM store. In fact, the positive effect of scent on retailing marketing has been proved and also used widely. For example, aromas are chosen in Las Vegas casinos to stimulate exciting emotion to promote larger bets. Likewise, in fashion industry, Victoria Secret lingerie store uses the smell of potpourri which can contribute to the particular identity of their products (Grewel and Baker, 1994). However, it seems like that HM has not realized it. Their olfaction does not help them and even creates opposite effects. According to the experience of one group member which is showed in introspection 1 (appendix), the strong bad smells caused by the accessories made of artificial leather made him feel uncomfortable and did not want to stay there any longer. In this case, the sense of smell can have strong effects on consumer responses to retail environments (Bone and Ellen, 1999). Moreover, the bad scent can also create a negative image of products for consumers in HM store. In order to overcome this problem, ventilation needs to function well in the store. Besides, air freshener should be used to remove those terrible smells. Additionally, HM also can utilize odors’ strong persuasive power to achieve competitive advantages (Bone and Ellen, 1999). For instance, as Victoria Secret mentioned before, HM could add various fragrance in their retail environment to build a better impression for consumers. Based on the theory of Mitchell and the market positioning and product characteristic of HM, fresh and dynamic scent congruent with the products could encourage the sales directly (Mitchell et al, 1995). Furthermore, HM need to pay attention to keep consistency between scent and music which can leads more favorable influence (Spangenberg et al, 2005). Redesigning the visual dimensions In servicescape, color, regarded as one of the most salient determinants in atmospheric attributes, is a strong visual component in a physical setting, especially in an interior setting. The effects of colors have been widely studied and used from physiological and psychological impacts to produce autonomic biological reaction, create certain emotional and draw attention (Bellizzi et al, 1983). In general, specific influence of color is produced varying from different circumstance. There are two main aspects, which are color and lighting, need to be considered when redesigning the visual dimensions this store. The color of the shop front The current color of the store front is white on the whole with a typical red HM trademark as a sign, which a traditional store image of HM. However, since it is located on the high street of Liverpool One, the decor style of the front can make it not noticeable and attractive. As a result, the entire shop front is suggested to be modified into transparent glass so that people on the street who pass by the shop can easily see the display of the clothing in the store, and it also can be an effective way to marketing the new season products and fascinate more potential customers to come into HM. The color of the walls According to the characteristics of HM’s target customer and its clothing design style, the white color of the wall in the store could be maintained since white is regarded as a basic color that can sets off the diversity and beautifulness of colors of the clothing and it is widely adopted in most retail stores as well. Moreover, depending on different type of clothing, a number of theme walls painted by distinct attractive colors can be designed to display the features and functions of the products. For instance, when it comes to leisure wears, particular theme wall painted in light yellow with somber light irradiate on it can create a feeling of relaxed and warmness (Bateson. J Hoffman D. , 2010). Additionally, colors such as red or orange are more suitable to be used on the background wall when exhibiting fashionable female cloths. It can strongly arouse the potential excitation or an elated mood of customers and also their perception of a high quality of the products. (Schaie Heiss, 1964). Concerning men’s clothing, violet combined with bright color could be appropriately applied to state the sense of coolness and dignity (Bateson. J Hoffman D. , 2010). In this case, what need pay attention to is that the product color must be coordinated with color in walls to avoid terrible color assortment. Layout John said that in a high contact service operation, the consumer expects the facility and layout to be fashionable. Due to this concept, we already finish doing the three previous changes which contains odor, vision, and auditory sense on HM to construct the shop as a whole into a modern store. However, considering the significance on the convenient of consumers, we attempt to adjust the layout of fitting rooms, add more necessary signage, and rearrange the location of shelving to leave more space for customers. Firstly, it might be better if the fitting room could contain a larger mirror, a chair, two hangers and one staff which assist consumer to try on the clothes in order. Secondly, for a shop it is essential to arrange enough signage to guide customers to find different type of products (John, 2008). Based on this circumstance, it is suggested to add several signage, such as one in the fitting room, one beside the elevator, one over the cashier desk and the others in the different shopping area to show the classification of the clothe. Additionally, the shop can add several cloth-boards to put folded clothes in order to save space. Finally, reclassifying the cloth through size, kind, sales and season will enhance the convenience for consumers when searching clothes. Conclusions To sum up, based on the servicescape, we provided several alternative choice through odour, vision, and auditory sense of HM’s physical evidence to draw customer’s attention. Compared with the original shop, we recommend to enhance the function of the air conditioner to filter the air, change the colour of the wall to set off clothes and highlight the new product, play the slow tempo pop music to facilitate consumption, use the yellow, warm light to construct a harmonious atmosphere to select clothes, add several kind of signage to instruct customers finding products needed, rearrange the layout to expand the space of the shop to make the whole shop feel clean and tidy, and finally redesign the fitting room to let customers feel more comfortable when they try on clothes. Because these changes integrate both introspection of our group member and the theory of the servicescape, we wish that HM can accept the plan and redesign the physical evidence of the shop to draw customer’s attention, increase sales and build a newly improved brand image. Recommendation On account of HM’s situation, ambient factors including auditory, olfactory and visual factors and functional perceptions such as design and layout have been analyzed. However, the store environment is a combination of all of those factors. Thus, the interaction between those varieties should not be ignored. For further research, the interdependence of ambient factors needs to be paid more attention. For instance, in terms of olfactory dimensions, the recommendations regarding odors in store need to be explained further studied to find more science-based ways of utilizing scent effects. Besides, the effects of different scents should be proved by evidences. Therefore, the further research should focus on interaction among ambient factors. More research should be conducted in order to figure out more details of ambient factors’ influence. On the other hand, the high volume of music is also helpful to protect customers privacy, for instance, I can feel free to talk with my friend in that environment. However, sometime I may feel stressful due to the loud background music and humdrum music also drove me to leave as sooner as possible. In terms of colour, I like the various colour combinations in the HM store. I feel warm within some soft colour and also more confident when the light is harmonious with the cloth. Colourful store environment really attracts me and promote me to watch more product and try them. However, some stores of HM are seemed like not really care about the colour because they just have very simple decoration which cannot have any effect to attract customers. Personally, don’t like the scent in HM store. The strange smells which come from the new cloth make me really uncomfortable. Maybe the staff could use some air freshener to cover it. Introspection (2) One day, I plan to buy a jean skirt on HM, located in Liverpool One. HM gives a good impression upon me before I entered the shop because of succinct storefront design-decorate with glass and dull woods. When I entered the shop, I felt a bit uncomfortable due to the high temperature and strong smell of painting, which led to annoyed emotion during the following shopping behaviour. When I searched the items I wanted to buy, I found there was no sign to guide where I could pick out my ideal goods in mussy clothes set. I needed to hunt for this skirt through crowed passageway without any help from personnel. After I picked out a dream skirt and intended to change in fitting room, located in the hidden corner, I had no idea where it is without any signs or guidance from the shop or staff. When I finished and wanted to settle accounts, I waited for a long time because there were no personnel in cashier desk. When I finished the whole process of that purchase behavior, I realized it was a unpleasant experience in HM. Compared to this shop, another H M store is impressed to me. This shop was full of warm light and light music, to relax the customers and beautify the clothes due to light tone. Meanwhile, the passionate personnel and clear symbols decreased the time waste in looking for which might led to negative mood. In addition to, efficient organization operation helped me to pay quickly. In a word, this HM did better in management than that one. Introspection (3) Last week, my friend and I went to the HM which is located in Liverpool one to buy a T-shirt for doing exercise. The first time I came into the shop, I found the temperature in this place was really warm that made me happy to go shopping. However, the air, smells of paint, caused me uncomfortable to find my clothes. When I came to the ground floor, I didnt find any signage to show the segmentation about the clothes. Due to this circumstance, I spent half an hour to search the T-shirt which is suitable for me. On account of the terrible layout between each clothe rack; I got several troubles to go around the shop. Fortunately, i found the clothes in the corner of the second floor, but to my surprise, there were only two mirrors in the second floor, so I had to go to the fitting room to try the T-shirt. The fitting room was quite comfortable if you didnt need the shop assistant to help, because there were no one service in this place. Finally, both of us found the suitable products and went to the cashier desk. Unfortunately, there were no shop assistants waiting for us, so we had to stand for 2 minutes to pay the T-shirt. To make a conclusion, If the HM didnt change their physical evidence, I would never go back again. Introspection (4) Before I entered into the store, the whole shop front left me a plain and clean impression due to the dull coloring, which makes it not as prominent as the other stores on the high street. I felt quite warm after I got into the shop, and the fast tempo music kind of excited me, which makes me feel pleased, interested and enthusiastic about the clothing and accessories displayed in the shop. In the first place, I came in sight of the new season’s fashions because they were arranged at central or front areas and bright lights shone on them. In spite of the fact that the whole store looked fairly crowed, I find them easy to notice. I selected a top that I thought might be suitable for me, and its price is also relatively reasonable. All the price tags were clearly placed in a vertical position on the clothes stand, so I still saw the promotion area through the sales signage though it was far away. However, I did not find anything I like among the products that were on sale. A number of accessories were all over the place and no staff was coming to put them back to the hangers. Moreover, a strong bad smell that may aroused by the artificial leathers drove me stay shorter. After I found nothing else interests me, I took the staircase to see what is on the second floor. The staircase was so narrow that customer can only took it one by one. There was no specific signage shows the main product type on the second floor, so I got confused about where I can find nightwear that I was intended to buy. I walked and looked around for some time and finally saw a numbers of nightwear arranged near the gym suits. Besides, I also found that the fitting room was just right behind, so I went into it to try on the clothes I picked up. The location of the fitting room was not as obvious as the nightwear as well; I felt that it could take some time to find if I did not see it by coincidence. There were no staffs in the changing room waiting to serve; as a result, I used the self-service. The design of the fitting room was fairly sensible and considerate. Two whole length mirrors enable me to see the appearance of front and back of the clothing I tried on. Moreover, there was a room which is twice as large as normal rooms designed for disabled people. I was very pleased with the items I chose, so I decided to pay for them. While I was in a queue waiting for the payment, I became impatient and annoyed by the background music. There were two cash registers but only one shop staff available. After I paid all my items and went out the shop, I suddenly felt the outside air was much better than the inside, but sort of cold. Figure 1: Summary of the servicescape redesign.