How To Write An Essay

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The Effect of Claustrophobia on Reaction Time - Free Essay Example

Experiencing claustrophobia has changed the norm of socializing for numbers of individuals around the world who undergo the irrational fear. Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder that is the fear of closed environments or having no escape, such as elevators or crowded rooms with no windows. Placing an individual in a triggering situation may lead them towards severe levels of anxiety, hence, it is common that people who suffer from this phobia tend to avoid the situation that may put them through anxiety. Previous research has suggested individuals who experience claustrophobia have mentioned that they clearly avoid situations that could provoke their phobia. Claustrophobics, according to researchers, showed significant increases in physiological measures of heart beat and respiration than those who did not suffer from claustrophobia when put in events that aroused their fear (Miller Bernstein, 1972). In Miller and Bernsteins study, 28 participants were individually observed in a dark chamber with the door closed for a total of three minutes and then another time for ten minutes. Their heart beat and respiration was recorded; participants who were completely petrified of dark, enclosed spaces indicated that the test was too intense for them. Besides two participants, the rest claimed that their phobia of enclosed spaces was triggered on an everyday basis. Moreover, all participants claimed that they avoided everyday-life situations due to their claustrophobia. Till this day, there has not been a found cause, genetic or conditioned, for claustrophobia. It is possible that due to a traumatic experience, claustrophobia can become conditioned and the individual will avoid small spaces. As for genetic mutations, a recent study conducted by Voikar et al. (2013) indicates that a leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein (LRRTM) deficiency in mice seemed to stimulate claustrophobic behavior in mice. This defect showed implications to autism and schizophrenia and this specific protein associated with these deficiencies was shown to have been found in humans as well. The procedure for this study included multiple activities where they were put into situations to test how their deficiencies affected their progress. Voikar et al. (2013) had the mice placed in an arena, half-lit and half-dark, where the mice did not prefer to enter the dark compartment. For mice, it is genetic in the species of rodents to go through closed spaces or tunnels, it was typ ical of all the cohorts of this study who lacked LRRTM to avoid entering the smaller areas and tubes during these tests. The researchers noticed similar behavior like anxiety and fear when put into the appropriate situations that generally trigger claustrophobia (Voikar et al., 2013). This provided a great scientific aspect of how the lack of a protein was associated in avoidance of small or narrow areas. In enclosed spaces, the claustrophobic individuals physiological factors are initially affected. It is the claustrophobic event that the individual is in that induces high levels of anxiety and heart rates that make the person want to avoid the situations in everyday life. McIsaac, Thordarson, Shafran, Rachman, and Poole (1998) attempted at viewing how psychological reactions were affected in terms of claustrophobia and brought out procedures involving MRI scans that tested 80 patients between the ages of 17-82. Patients who suffered from claustrophobia displayed feelings of distress and panic during their MRI sessions. The process began with a Claustrophobia Questionnaire that asked several questions testing their level of anxiety; it involved many potential situations and asked how the participant would feel in each one. This study had a non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design where they measured the anxiety levels of the participants five minutes before and five min utes after the MRI scan. They also followed up with a similar Claustrophobia Questionnaire one month later. The pre-scan test displayed measures of anxiety that were equal to those of the non-claustrophobic patients. Those who were taken in the scan feet-first had less anxiety than those who were taken head first. It was concluded that the anxiety brought in during MRI scans was due to claustrophobia. After the MRI scan, patients claimed that they had in increase in their fear of enclosed spaces. A similar study revolved around the same concept that the individuals who suffered from the irrational fear of enclosed spaces showed increasing rates of claustrophobia especially after they were put through an event that prompted it (Enders et al., 2011). While conducting their study, Enders et al. noticed that their participants had the most problematic period before the MRI began, during positioning, and even when reaching the final position. 98 participants, out of a total of 174, requi red sedation to complete their MRI as their claustrophobia prevented them from completing their MRI session. Both studies provided tests that measured anxiety levels after their treatments and it was determined that claustrophobics, after their sessions, did have significant increases in physiological factors, namely restriction and anxiety (Enders et al., 2011; McIsaac et al., 1998). In comparison to other phobias very similar to claustrophobia, it is the one that brings the most drastic reactions to the people. Different phobias begin at various ages, although it is not defined as to which phobia kicks in at which specific age. ?–st (1987) had the intention of comparing ages for various phobias and their onsets and how the different ways of getting those fears had some association with age. The patients of this examinations were provided pretest assessment which measured their heart rate and anxiety levels. To prove that each participant was cleared for being a subject in the study, they underwent a screening process where multiple factors sorted them out into groups relative to their phobia such as claustrophobia and agoraphobia which are quite similar in itself. They were then given questionnaires that measured the severity of their fear. Next came a behavioral avoidance test where the claustrophobic patient had to enter a locked windowless space and st ay in the confined area for a total of ten minutes. The participants heartbeat was observed throughout the entire test. Amongst the other phobias, claustrophobia ended up being the one that brought on the most anxiety to the participants. Agoraphobia, a similar phobia to claustrophobia, is when one is afraid of places that causes the individual to panic (?–st, 1987). Due to the panic, the subjects had the highest heart rate during the test and even before the test was initiated. Thus, physiological factors play a great part of social life as individuals with this fear often lean on avoidance behaviors in an everyday setting. Although the intensity of the phobia may fluctuate over time, it is certain that if a claustrophobic was put into a closed space to test their reaction, their heart rate and anxiety levels will have increased greatly in comparison to before the treatment (Wood McGlynn, 2000; ?–st, 1987; Enders et al., 2011). Research (Wood McGlynn, 2000) suggests that placing a claustrophobic person in the same situation that triggered their claustrophobia causes their reaction to intensify and avoid those situations more than before. In Wood and McGlynns study, college students were measured through a questionnaire that tested fear while their heart rate was measured. They were then escorted to a room where they were present before an MRI simulator while they were still attached to a heartbeat recorder. The questionnaire and heartbeat observations showed that there was a clear increase in fear from their initial assessment to their first behavioral avoidance test. As this was a follow-up, 2 5% of the participants indicated that their fear had returned, and even increased, from doing the procedure again. Using the heart-rates recorded, the studies analyzed that the return of claustrophobia had an accurate percentage of 91.67% when put in the same situation again. Hence, it is the avoidance behaviors of individuals with claustrophobia that allows them to survive on a day-to-day basis without triggering increasing heart rates and anxiety levels. Furthermore, the anxiety-inducing fear causes many physiological factors to react, and definitely not in a healthy way. As previous studies show, the reaction to claustrophobia in physiological terms ends with a significant increase in heart rate and anxiety levels. Van Diest, Smits, Decremer, Maes, and Claes (2010) explain these reactions by associating two components of bodily functions with the phobia: restriction and suffocation. When a claustrophobic individual is put in a situation where they feel restricted, it triggers the fear as they believe they cannot escape the potentially dangerous situation. Additionally, being in closed spaces allows them to believe there is insufficient air supply, thus bringing in the fear of suffocating (Van Diest, Smits, Decremer, Maes, Claes, 2010). These studies show that claustrophobia has an effect of physiological bodily functions. The relationship of whether claustrophobia has an effect on reaction time measuring in minutes to escape a clos ed environment has not been investigated yet. A non-manipulated control group experiment will be used to test how claustrophobia impacts the reaction time, measured in seconds, to escape closed environments and its influence on physiological factors, specifically heart rate and anxiety levels, as well. Based on previous research, I hypothesize that if a person who experiences the anxiety-inducing fear caused by confined areas, namely claustrophobia, is placed in a specific situation triggering their fear, then their reaction time to closed environments will be faster than one who does not suffer from claustrophobia.

Yakamashii A Japanese Word

The Japanese word yakamashii, pronounced yah-kah-mah-shee, means noisy or clamorous. Depending on the context, it may also mean faultfinding or critical. This is a very complex word that has even a third set of meanings: much-discussed or particular. Japanese Characters や㠁‹ã  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁„ Example Mika wa tabemono ni totemo yakamashii.ç ¾Å½Ã© ¦â„¢Ã£  ¯Ã© £Å¸Ã£  ¹Ã§â€° ©Ã£  «Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šâ€žÃ£ â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁„。 Translation:  Mika is very particular about food.

Who Can We Blame - 1392 Words

Who s to Blame? Have you been a victim of the so called â€Å" fast food obesity outbreak†? You re not the only one. In today s society this so called â€Å"fast food induced obesity† is a huge controversy concerning many countries today in time. The common culprits of the obesity issue is fast food, school lunch, and unhealthy food people consume at home. Who can we trust? Well many people believe that the consumer should not be responsible for their actions when it comes to consuming fast food, which is seen in this piece â€Å" Don t blame the eater,† by David Zinczenko. Throughout his essay he explains his reasoning with many hard facts and personal stories about fast food insufficient food labels and how they’re causing multiple health implications. Is that really the issue, though? Clearly the fast food industry has to take some of the blame for this problem,but they are not the direct cause. Therefore fast food is not a direct cause of â€Å" Fast food related il lness,† and obesity in America. Look around and see all the news and articles concerning the health risk of eating fast food in America and even other countries. In fact, the fast food is truly killing us. They leave out important warnings and try to hide important nutritional facts that counteract the ways of trying to eat healthy. The fast food companies should be taking responsibility for what they are doing to their customers. Zinczenko says â€Å"If you pour what you ve been served, you re suddenly up around 1,040Show MoreRelatedWhy Do We Blame The Victim?921 Words   |  4 PagesThere is an idea that we have become a nation of victims. Some psychologist and most people have a don’t blame the victim mentality. While other psychologist look at the victims as being held accountable in some cases. Looking at the data and validity of these arguments, I believe that neither one should be used but instead we should shy away from the blame approach and develop a bette r understanding of the role victims play in violent situations Why do we blame the victim? Some psychologist argueRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Jack Johnsons Cookie Jar920 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Cookie Jar† because of the old saying â€Å"Who stole the cookie from the cookie jar, Who me, Yes you, No not me† this means that we are always trying to find someone else to blame, rather than ourselves, we try to find a scapegoat to get us out of the mess that we have created. â€Å"Cookie Jar† challenges the beliefs and values of western society because, in the song a young boy kills another young child with a gun and he said that you cant blame him. His dad , the media man, theRead MoreFast Food1145 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States and more and more children are being affected. But do uneducated families have the right to put the blame on fast food restaurants for the health issues they could easily prevent? I believe that we are taking it too far by blaming fast food restaurants for obesity and that it is an individual’s responsibility to take the blame. While R.A. Ames The Food Isn’t to Blame and Richard Daynard â€Å"You Want Fries with That?† use different themes of blaming fast companies and individual decisionsRead MoreA Critique of â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater† by David Zinczenko1661 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing on in America. Any way one can want to talk about the problem, it will always be a huge dilemma throughout the United States. For a long time now, people have been discussing who is to blame for the obesity crisis going on. Some people prefer to blame the government, several blame the restaurants, others the parents and even the schools receive criticism for obesity. People should develop their own ideas on the obesity crisis and to figure out who is to blame and how to fix the problem. TheRead MoreObesity On The United States981 Words   |  4 Pages We are all guilty, we rather spend five dollars on a McDonalds or Burger King meal, instead of taking a little time the day before and making our self our own meal, but let’s keep on mind that just because is made home doesn’t mean is healthy. According to article â€Å"The state of obesity† by better policies of America more than one third of adults (34.9) are obese in the United States. But why is there so much obesity on the United States and who is there to blame? We can go ahead and blame the fastRead MoreWhos to Blame in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? Essay examples1127 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;Why is it that we as human beings feel the need to blame someone for every negative situation, which occurs? If we really look at the situation with any great depth, we may discover that an almost endless amount of things may be blamed for the tragedy blaming an individual is pointless - onl y fate can really be blamed. nbsp; nbsp;Some characters who are more commonly blamed are Romeo and Juliet themselves. With their headstrong personalities, and love, which seemed so sure, theyRead MoreMy Social Issue : Unfair Trials1180 Words   |  5 Pagesinterests me and the second reason is because my best friend was wrongfully convicted and put in prison. I am always looking at cases like these kinds of things and looking at different perspectives on these cases. The problem about unfair trials is that we are putting good people away for a small mistake for a long time and rapists and murderers for a shorter period of time. â€Å"Ex-Stanford University swimmer Brock Turner is set to walk free from a California jail Friday morning. He would be three monthsRead MoreObesity And The United States973 Words   |  4 PagesWe are all guilty of spending five dollars a meal from McDonalds or Burger King instead of taking a little time the day before and making our self our own meal, but let’s keep in mind that ju st because is made home doesn’t mean is healthy. According to the article â€Å"The state of obesity† by better policies of America more than one third of adults (34.9) are obese in the United States. But why is there so much obesity in the United States and who is there to blame? We can go ahead and blame the fastRead MoreStrategies for Dealing with Difficult Conversations in â€Å"Difficult Conversations† by Stone, Patton, and Heen 546 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Difficult Conversations† by Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, and Sheila Heen is about the steps to take when dealing with difficult conversations. Difficult conversations can arise from any type of relationship whether is be in the workplace or with family. The fear of consequence is what leads to avoidance of difficult conversations and the goal is to reduce that fear. There are three stages in a difficult conversation, these stages include â€Å"The Problem†, â€Å"Shift to a Learning Sta nce† and â€Å"Create aRead MoreA Sociological Perspective On Homelessness1587 Words   |  7 Pagesrevealed that there were approximately 633,782 people who are homeless in America or 20 out of every 10,000. Approximately 394,379 are single individuals and 239,403 are people in families with 77,157 homeless families in a single night, and approximately 162, 246 are children. Veterans are more likely to be homeless than those who are non-veterans, approximately 29 out of every 10,000 veterans are homeless. Unfortunately, 38 percent of those who are homeless are unsheltered, either living on the streets

Service scape free essay sample

Comparing with other HM stores, it only attracts a small number of customers. As a result, our group made a research about the shop in order to discover the problems and provide meaningful suggestions. Based on the group member’s real introspection about the shop and the servicescape which enabled us to have general beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions toward the store (Elisabeth 2011), our group analyzed the problem of HM through three aspects, vision, odor and auditory sense. In order to draw more customers’ attention, we concluded several alternative choices that can be adopted to redesign the shop’s physical evidence. However, on account of the fact that only four introspections obtained, this research has several limitations. In the further study, researchers can interview more customers to acquire more reliable advices. The Introduction HM Hennes Mauritz is Sweden multinational company which is involved in the design, production and retail of fashion clothes and accessories. It had opened more 2,200 stores in 38 countries over the world until 2010 and continued to expand and open their new store in other five markets in 2011. The business concept of HM is to offer good quality fashion products at the best price. Without owning any production lines or factories, HM is supported by 700 supplies in 300 countries, and most of them are in Europe and Asia. In 2010, HM online store opened in the UK, which is one of the most significant markets. (HM Annual Report 2010) There are two HM stores located in Liverpool One. The HM Liverpool that is prepared to redesign the servicescape is on the Church Street, which is opened much earlier than the one on the Paradise Street. It is a three storeyed shop selling fashionable clothing and related accessories for women, men and kids. Compared with the HM on the Paradise Street, its decor style seems more old- fashioned looked from the exterior and the interior layout looks sort of crowded and disordered. Therefore, the redesign and modifications of the servicescape are considered necessary. Among a variety of factors in the auditory, visual and olfactory dimensions, music, color and scent will be the main focuses. Redesigning the auditory dimensions In terms of the musicscape, variables that may affect customer cognitive or emotional response to the service encounters in the store are the demographics of the firm’s target customer and the popularity of the music (Baron et al 2009). Oakes also found that factors regarding to the characteristics of the background music can be the type, tempo, harmony and volume (Oakes 2000). These two main aspects need to be considered together when modifying the auditory dimensions. Music Genre The HM 2010 Conscious Actions Sustainability Report states that their target customer is people at any age who love fashion and enjoy shopping fashionable and trendy products (HM 2010). In this sense, it might be better if the genre of background music in the store is pop and frequently heard in most instances. For example, research has found that customers tend to stay longer and spend more money if they think the background music is in accordance with the shop style (Radocy and Boyle 1997). The current music played in the store is basically congruent with the taste of the target customer. However, the constantly repeated melody can annoy customers who stay longer in the store. As the experience showed by our group member in the Introspection 4 (Appendices), the background music initially excited him but eventually became noise to him to some extent. In addition, North and Hargreaves also revealed that although pop music is more liked by most people, classical music can stimulate customer’s purchase intention and buy more expensive items (Oaks 2007). Therefore, the store can adjust the music style timely according to different needs of customers. Music Tempo HM Liverpool has been adopting the fast tempo music all the time. However, Baron et al suggest that slow tempos are more likely to create a relaxed and comfortable atmosphere than fast tempo music, which make customers stay longer in the service environment and purchase more products (Baron et al 2009). For this reason, it can be worthwhile for the manager to consider changing the fast tempo music into relatively slower tempo music. Besides, Sweeny and Wyber’s research also demonstrated that both the service quality and shopping pleasure perceived by customers can be positively influenced by slow popular and fast classical music in the retail environment (Sweeny and Wyber 2002). Music Volume The volume of the background music in HM Liverpool is comparatively high. The findings of Oaks’s studies revealed that low volume music facilitates a longer period of stay of customers in the retail store; nevertheless, loud music can influence the shopping pace of customers to become faster. Additionally, Stipp’s research indicated that women prefer slow and soft music than faster and louder music in contrast with men (Stipp 1990). Since female customer will normally account for the largest proportion in the total number of consumers, it is advisable to take this fact into consideration seriously. Furthermore, based our group member’s real experience, the loud background music in the store facilitated their quick leave indeed (Introspection 1). As a result, it is recommended that HM Liverpool can lower the music volume a bit, to avoid the noise effect perceived customers caused by the long time exposure to the high volume, and play more elegant and tasteful music. Redesigning the olfactory dimensions In terms of olfaction, although there is a voice claims that the effect of this stimulus on consumer behavior is inapparent and also has received less attention compared to other atmospheric factors (Teller and Dennis, 2011), more people argue that olfactory stimulus does influence the consumer behaviour and lead them to develop a holistic impression of the store (Ward et al, 2003). Therefore, scent is an indispensable part of store environment which should be paid more attention and improved by HM store. In fact, the positive effect of scent on retailing marketing has been proved and also used widely. For example, aromas are chosen in Las Vegas casinos to stimulate exciting emotion to promote larger bets. Likewise, in fashion industry, Victoria Secret lingerie store uses the smell of potpourri which can contribute to the particular identity of their products (Grewel and Baker, 1994). However, it seems like that HM has not realized it. Their olfaction does not help them and even creates opposite effects. According to the experience of one group member which is showed in introspection 1 (appendix), the strong bad smells caused by the accessories made of artificial leather made him feel uncomfortable and did not want to stay there any longer. In this case, the sense of smell can have strong effects on consumer responses to retail environments (Bone and Ellen, 1999). Moreover, the bad scent can also create a negative image of products for consumers in HM store. In order to overcome this problem, ventilation needs to function well in the store. Besides, air freshener should be used to remove those terrible smells. Additionally, HM also can utilize odors’ strong persuasive power to achieve competitive advantages (Bone and Ellen, 1999). For instance, as Victoria Secret mentioned before, HM could add various fragrance in their retail environment to build a better impression for consumers. Based on the theory of Mitchell and the market positioning and product characteristic of HM, fresh and dynamic scent congruent with the products could encourage the sales directly (Mitchell et al, 1995). Furthermore, HM need to pay attention to keep consistency between scent and music which can leads more favorable influence (Spangenberg et al, 2005). Redesigning the visual dimensions In servicescape, color, regarded as one of the most salient determinants in atmospheric attributes, is a strong visual component in a physical setting, especially in an interior setting. The effects of colors have been widely studied and used from physiological and psychological impacts to produce autonomic biological reaction, create certain emotional and draw attention (Bellizzi et al, 1983). In general, specific influence of color is produced varying from different circumstance. There are two main aspects, which are color and lighting, need to be considered when redesigning the visual dimensions this store. The color of the shop front The current color of the store front is white on the whole with a typical red HM trademark as a sign, which a traditional store image of HM. However, since it is located on the high street of Liverpool One, the decor style of the front can make it not noticeable and attractive. As a result, the entire shop front is suggested to be modified into transparent glass so that people on the street who pass by the shop can easily see the display of the clothing in the store, and it also can be an effective way to marketing the new season products and fascinate more potential customers to come into HM. The color of the walls According to the characteristics of HM’s target customer and its clothing design style, the white color of the wall in the store could be maintained since white is regarded as a basic color that can sets off the diversity and beautifulness of colors of the clothing and it is widely adopted in most retail stores as well. Moreover, depending on different type of clothing, a number of theme walls painted by distinct attractive colors can be designed to display the features and functions of the products. For instance, when it comes to leisure wears, particular theme wall painted in light yellow with somber light irradiate on it can create a feeling of relaxed and warmness (Bateson. J Hoffman D. , 2010). Additionally, colors such as red or orange are more suitable to be used on the background wall when exhibiting fashionable female cloths. It can strongly arouse the potential excitation or an elated mood of customers and also their perception of a high quality of the products. (Schaie Heiss, 1964). Concerning men’s clothing, violet combined with bright color could be appropriately applied to state the sense of coolness and dignity (Bateson. J Hoffman D. , 2010). In this case, what need pay attention to is that the product color must be coordinated with color in walls to avoid terrible color assortment. Layout John said that in a high contact service operation, the consumer expects the facility and layout to be fashionable. Due to this concept, we already finish doing the three previous changes which contains odor, vision, and auditory sense on HM to construct the shop as a whole into a modern store. However, considering the significance on the convenient of consumers, we attempt to adjust the layout of fitting rooms, add more necessary signage, and rearrange the location of shelving to leave more space for customers. Firstly, it might be better if the fitting room could contain a larger mirror, a chair, two hangers and one staff which assist consumer to try on the clothes in order. Secondly, for a shop it is essential to arrange enough signage to guide customers to find different type of products (John, 2008). Based on this circumstance, it is suggested to add several signage, such as one in the fitting room, one beside the elevator, one over the cashier desk and the others in the different shopping area to show the classification of the clothe. Additionally, the shop can add several cloth-boards to put folded clothes in order to save space. Finally, reclassifying the cloth through size, kind, sales and season will enhance the convenience for consumers when searching clothes. Conclusions To sum up, based on the servicescape, we provided several alternative choice through odour, vision, and auditory sense of HM’s physical evidence to draw customer’s attention. Compared with the original shop, we recommend to enhance the function of the air conditioner to filter the air, change the colour of the wall to set off clothes and highlight the new product, play the slow tempo pop music to facilitate consumption, use the yellow, warm light to construct a harmonious atmosphere to select clothes, add several kind of signage to instruct customers finding products needed, rearrange the layout to expand the space of the shop to make the whole shop feel clean and tidy, and finally redesign the fitting room to let customers feel more comfortable when they try on clothes. Because these changes integrate both introspection of our group member and the theory of the servicescape, we wish that HM can accept the plan and redesign the physical evidence of the shop to draw customer’s attention, increase sales and build a newly improved brand image. Recommendation On account of HM’s situation, ambient factors including auditory, olfactory and visual factors and functional perceptions such as design and layout have been analyzed. However, the store environment is a combination of all of those factors. Thus, the interaction between those varieties should not be ignored. For further research, the interdependence of ambient factors needs to be paid more attention. For instance, in terms of olfactory dimensions, the recommendations regarding odors in store need to be explained further studied to find more science-based ways of utilizing scent effects. Besides, the effects of different scents should be proved by evidences. Therefore, the further research should focus on interaction among ambient factors. More research should be conducted in order to figure out more details of ambient factors’ influence. On the other hand, the high volume of music is also helpful to protect customers privacy, for instance, I can feel free to talk with my friend in that environment. However, sometime I may feel stressful due to the loud background music and humdrum music also drove me to leave as sooner as possible. In terms of colour, I like the various colour combinations in the HM store. I feel warm within some soft colour and also more confident when the light is harmonious with the cloth. Colourful store environment really attracts me and promote me to watch more product and try them. However, some stores of HM are seemed like not really care about the colour because they just have very simple decoration which cannot have any effect to attract customers. Personally, don’t like the scent in HM store. The strange smells which come from the new cloth make me really uncomfortable. Maybe the staff could use some air freshener to cover it. Introspection (2) One day, I plan to buy a jean skirt on HM, located in Liverpool One. HM gives a good impression upon me before I entered the shop because of succinct storefront design-decorate with glass and dull woods. When I entered the shop, I felt a bit uncomfortable due to the high temperature and strong smell of painting, which led to annoyed emotion during the following shopping behaviour. When I searched the items I wanted to buy, I found there was no sign to guide where I could pick out my ideal goods in mussy clothes set. I needed to hunt for this skirt through crowed passageway without any help from personnel. After I picked out a dream skirt and intended to change in fitting room, located in the hidden corner, I had no idea where it is without any signs or guidance from the shop or staff. When I finished and wanted to settle accounts, I waited for a long time because there were no personnel in cashier desk. When I finished the whole process of that purchase behavior, I realized it was a unpleasant experience in HM. Compared to this shop, another H M store is impressed to me. This shop was full of warm light and light music, to relax the customers and beautify the clothes due to light tone. Meanwhile, the passionate personnel and clear symbols decreased the time waste in looking for which might led to negative mood. In addition to, efficient organization operation helped me to pay quickly. In a word, this HM did better in management than that one. Introspection (3) Last week, my friend and I went to the HM which is located in Liverpool one to buy a T-shirt for doing exercise. The first time I came into the shop, I found the temperature in this place was really warm that made me happy to go shopping. However, the air, smells of paint, caused me uncomfortable to find my clothes. When I came to the ground floor, I didnt find any signage to show the segmentation about the clothes. Due to this circumstance, I spent half an hour to search the T-shirt which is suitable for me. On account of the terrible layout between each clothe rack; I got several troubles to go around the shop. Fortunately, i found the clothes in the corner of the second floor, but to my surprise, there were only two mirrors in the second floor, so I had to go to the fitting room to try the T-shirt. The fitting room was quite comfortable if you didnt need the shop assistant to help, because there were no one service in this place. Finally, both of us found the suitable products and went to the cashier desk. Unfortunately, there were no shop assistants waiting for us, so we had to stand for 2 minutes to pay the T-shirt. To make a conclusion, If the HM didnt change their physical evidence, I would never go back again. Introspection (4) Before I entered into the store, the whole shop front left me a plain and clean impression due to the dull coloring, which makes it not as prominent as the other stores on the high street. I felt quite warm after I got into the shop, and the fast tempo music kind of excited me, which makes me feel pleased, interested and enthusiastic about the clothing and accessories displayed in the shop. In the first place, I came in sight of the new season’s fashions because they were arranged at central or front areas and bright lights shone on them. In spite of the fact that the whole store looked fairly crowed, I find them easy to notice. I selected a top that I thought might be suitable for me, and its price is also relatively reasonable. All the price tags were clearly placed in a vertical position on the clothes stand, so I still saw the promotion area through the sales signage though it was far away. However, I did not find anything I like among the products that were on sale. A number of accessories were all over the place and no staff was coming to put them back to the hangers. Moreover, a strong bad smell that may aroused by the artificial leathers drove me stay shorter. After I found nothing else interests me, I took the staircase to see what is on the second floor. The staircase was so narrow that customer can only took it one by one. There was no specific signage shows the main product type on the second floor, so I got confused about where I can find nightwear that I was intended to buy. I walked and looked around for some time and finally saw a numbers of nightwear arranged near the gym suits. Besides, I also found that the fitting room was just right behind, so I went into it to try on the clothes I picked up. The location of the fitting room was not as obvious as the nightwear as well; I felt that it could take some time to find if I did not see it by coincidence. There were no staffs in the changing room waiting to serve; as a result, I used the self-service. The design of the fitting room was fairly sensible and considerate. Two whole length mirrors enable me to see the appearance of front and back of the clothing I tried on. Moreover, there was a room which is twice as large as normal rooms designed for disabled people. I was very pleased with the items I chose, so I decided to pay for them. While I was in a queue waiting for the payment, I became impatient and annoyed by the background music. There were two cash registers but only one shop staff available. After I paid all my items and went out the shop, I suddenly felt the outside air was much better than the inside, but sort of cold. Figure 1: Summary of the servicescape redesign.

The most tragic character Essay Example For Students

The most tragic character Essay The novella Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck firstly originates from the poem by 18th century poet Robert Burns entitled To a mouse. We know that the title of the poem has been taken from the line in the seventh verse of the poem the best laid schemes o mice and men gang aft agley, an leae us nought but grief an pain.  Parallels can be drawn between the poem and the novella, in particular George and Lennies American dream, when we look at the verse containing the title of the poem. This verse speaks of how the best plans of man often fail and leave us with pain and grief, and this directly foreshadows the fact that Lennie and Georges dream will not be made a reality. We will write a custom essay on The most tragic character specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The tragedy of course, lies in the fact that no matter how elaborately George and Lennie plan, regardless of how intensely they hope and dream, this dream will end in sorrow. Steinbeck sets the short story in 1930s America during the harsh Great Depression years, and due to the lack of money and employment at this time, the number of migrant workers was high. The short novel focuses on the struggles of two particular itinerant workers working on a ranch in California. This is perhaps a reflection of Steinbecks own experiences working as a migrant worker on rural Californian ranches, and we see the impressions that his experiences have made upon him through his work. We also see Steinbecks past experiences influencing his writing in other works such as The Grapes of Wrath. Through Steinbecks portrayal of certain characters, we are also given an insight into the social context of the time. When looking at tragedy these social contexts provide evidence for some characters to be described as tragic, when based on both modern and traditional interpretations of tragedy. We see through Crooks, and how he is ostracised from the rest of the workers, an example of the racial discrimination of the times. Crooks can be regarded as tragic based on modern interpretations of tragedy due to the segregation. Based on Greek and Shakespearean interpretations of tragedy, Lennie and Curleys wife can be considered as tragic, as throughout the novella they produce feelings of pity, fear and excitement in the audience, and both have their tragic flaws, this being an important Aristotle feature, which lead to their downfalls. Through Curleys wife we see the sexist treatment of women, as they are portrayed by Steinbeck as property of their husband. This sexist treatment of women arouses pity in the audience, and can be said to portray Curleys wife as tragic. We read of the quest of the American dream and the importance of this to Lennie, and as it is foreshadowed that this dream is unlikely to ever happen a tragic element is drawn. We also have sympathy with Lennie because of the severe treatment of those with limited mental ability. This treatment provides us with modern reasons for Lennie to be considered as tragic, especially when compared to attitudes today. This essay will focus on the three characters named in the introduction, and explore the extent to which they can be described as tragic. The essay will also contest the idea of Lennie being the most tragic character in the novella. The first character to be explored in this essay is Crooks. At the beginning of chapter four Crooks is given the longest description of all the characters in the novella. We read of his deep black wrinkles, and his pain tightened lips. This suggests that Steinbeck has intentions for him as an important character, and Steinbeck goes on to use Crooks to symbolize the racial segregation. Crooks is also used to show the general loneliness of ranch workers, and Steinbeck uses him to bring the loneliness experienced by all the characters into perspective. We read of Crooks saying, A guy needs someone to be near him .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .postImageUrl , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:visited , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:active { border:0!important; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:active , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Explore Shakespeare's presentation of Act 3 Scene 1 As A Turning Point In The Play? EssayA guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody A guy gets too lonely an he gets sick Here Steinbeck is bringing forward the need for human interaction. We are given the impression that Crooks is deeply affected by the racial hierarchy, and by how he has been ostracised from the rest of the ranch. From this we have evidence to regard Crooks as tragic, especially due to his loneliness and how is has been ostracised based on his skin colour alone. Steinbeck also describes crooks as a proud, aloof man. It seems that Crooks pride helps him deal with his loneliness. The reader sympathizes with Crooks , adding to the theme of tragedy. In the novella, Crooks is also physically handicapped. Crooks has been given this name because of his crooked spine, adding to the picture Steinbeck draws of Crooks as an unfortunate, tragic character. We read at the start of chapter four Crooks rubbing liniment on his spine, he held a bottle of liniment, and with the other he rubbed his spine When reading this the reader has a picture of this proud man reduced to spending his time on his own rubbing his crooked back. We again sympathize with Crooks, and he can be described as tragic based on this. Furthermore, at the end of the chapter we read, in his pink palm and reaching around fell slowly to rubbing his back. This presents us with a cycle of Crooks; as he is portrayed as the solitary character at the beginning of the chapter, and he is the same at the end. We can infer from this that as long as the social context of the times remains, Crooks would always be treated the same, and from this a modern tragic element can be drawn. We also read of Crooks being a scapegoat for the ranch workers. We read the boss gives him hell when hes mad This tells the reader that due to Crooks being black, all the blame is put on him for problems on the ranch. However, it can be said that a possibility of a change in Crooks situation may have occurred had Curleys wife not entered into Crooks room. Until this point in chapter four, it could be said that Crooks had started to believe in an American dream. If you guys would want a hand for nothing why Id come an lend a hand. I aint so crippled Crooks actually asks for a share in the dream, but Steinbeck insists on keeping to the tragic theme, and so before this question is even answered, Curleys wife enters. This is significant for evidence for Crooks to be regarded as tragic, because of how Curleys wifes words affect Crooks. Crooks attempts to stand up to Curleys wife you got no rights comin in a coloured mans room, but the ever present racism is again apparent from Curleys wifes reply, listen nigger, you know what I can do if you open your mouth I can get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny These words sharply bring Crooks down to Earth, and reduce him to nothing. This incident involving these two characters arouses more sympathy in the reader, and can be said to sum up the evidence for Crooks to be described as tragic.

Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative essay must be developed on specific arguments.   It is a must.   Argumentative essay can be based on your personal opinion; however, it will be weak if you do not provide specific examples supporting your point of view.   From the first lines of your argumentative essay, your position on the discussed issue should be clear to the reader.   Nevertheless, it does not mean that you should not mention an opposite opinions.   On the contrary, your argumentative essay should include specific references to other side of the debate.   Writing an argumentative essay about smoking ban, for example, you should definitely think about both sides of the argument, choose the one you support, explain why it is right as well as mention why the other side is wrong.   If you use secondary sources (articles, journals, books, and the Internet), you must give a credit to the author - do not forget to cite everything you use! Writing an Argumentative Essay Writing an essay you must avoid plagiarism!   Your argumentative essay must be written in your own words.   Take into account that paraphrasing is the same as plagiarism!   Plan your time wisely to avoid rush.   It is possible to write a good argumentative essay overnight for an experienced writer; but it is hardly achievable for an average student.   Thus, give yourself at least a couple of days to write, structure, and revise your argumentative essay.   Do not forget about argumentative essay editing - ask your friend or a parent to read your essay aloud. Does it sound convincing?   Does it flow logically? Argumentative Essay Writing Every step of argumentative essay writing must be carefully reviewed.   You cannot simply submit an essay without even reading it for the second time.   Usually, there are many mistakes you may not have noticed. For example, you had an idea in mind but did not express it clearly or omitted the word.   Such mistakes are not very serious but they will definitely affect your grade negatively.   Ordering custom writing service, you receive perfect argumentative essay written by experienced writer.   You may ask for revisions and amendments as many times as you want.   Argumentative essay is very interesting to write but it becomes a real challenge if you do not know how to start writing it.

United states Today Economic Situation and its Credibility around the Essay

United states Today Economic Situation and its Credibility around the world - Essay Example However, while reading the comments section of every online news report, I realized that it was not just Americans who were keeping themselves informed of the latest developments on the matter but also foreigners as well. Aside from this, I also read several news reports in which officials from other countries also expressed views on the subject. As I encountered more of such articles, I began to realize that the highs and lows of the American economy do have profound impacts on other countries. Because of this, it is only expected that they have their own views of current economic conditions of the US. It is also apparent that while the US boasts of still being the most powerful nation on Earth, the cracks on its walls have shown and grown worse through the years as its economy continues to remain in deep crisis. This can be observed by the international community who could only express negative opinions on the matter. For more than a century, the US has long held the title as a dominant global superpower. The two most compelling factors regarding this matter are its economic superiority and military strength. In the 1900s, US dominance was ostensibly challenged by the Soviet Union. It was after World War II that the contest between the two superpowers became more intense. However, the Soviet economy was not match to that of the US. Apparently, while the Soviets continued to espouse a closed-door socialist economy, America was extending it market on a global scale. I find this action not as a reflection of the benevolence or generosity of the country’s big business but simply a result of the drive to accumulate more profits from less saturated markets abroad. To some extent, the economic superiority of the US then had managed to scale down the impression that it too was trying to domin ate the world with its military strength just as the Soviets did. From my point of view, this prompted the development of the concept that economic relations with America make other nations richer too even as it is also making infractions on the sovereignty of other countries through military intervention. When a superpower lavishes a poor country with imported products, it could hardly be considered as a bully by the people. This was definitely not the case with the Soviet Union, which only focused on asserting military superiority. The current economic crisis that the US is facing has proven to be disastrous not just to the average American citizens but also to many other countries in the world. This is naturally the result of several decades of dominance also of the country in the sphere of international trade and global economy, in general. Through all those years, especially after the World War II until recently, the US is a major trading partner of a good number of economicall y more backward countries. These had established relations with the US as their largest market of raw materials and, at the same time, supplier of capital goods and other high-value added finished products. With the crisis besetting the US economy though, it has become a less attractive market from the perspective of those countries that export their raw materials to it. Apparently, the crisis has also led to slower production of capital goods and finished products in the US, while countries like China and India are showing successes in coming up with commodities that are competing with those it had been manufacturing. If I were to be the an

Studies about Hand-raising for Kindergarteners Essay

Studies about Hand-raising for Kindergarteners - Essay Example Here, we review three articles relating to hand-raising with respect to behavioral training. In an early study, investigators used a class of twenty four, 9 to 12 year old behaviorally challenged students (21 male, three female) at the Garfield School in Salt Lake City, Utah (Greenwood, C. R., Sloane, H. N., Jr., & Baskin, A., 1974). A training procedure and two maintenance contingencies on consequence dispensing behavior were explored. Four peer behavior managers were trained to supervise four to six subjects each to work in programmed math materials. Their behavior was compared with a teacher skilled in the use of social and point reinforcement and response cost. A component of many of the appropriate behaviors was hand-raising. The training was partially effective in increasing rates of appropriate social and point dispensing behaviors in managers. Manager reinforcement contingent consequence-dispensing behavior in managers resulted in moderately higher rates of appropriate social and point dispensing behavior for three of four subjects than did having manager reinforcem ent contingent upon group study behavior. Two managers exposed to the group performance consequence before the manager performance consequence increased inappropriate social and point-dispensing behaviors to pre-training base levels. ... It included visual reminders, goal evaluation, positive reinforcement, and constructive feedback at regular intervals. Outcome of three measures of peripheral variables (direct observations of hand raising frequency and talking out of turn during the group sessions and Conners conduct problem ratings). The cueing procedure resulted in significant and robust improvement in two of the three peripheral measures (hand raising frequency ES = 2.73; talking out of turn ES = 2.89). This underscores the benefit of using a theoretical framework for guiding the design and evaluation of therapeutic interventions for children with ADHD. At a professional conference, researchers presented the case studies of two individuals. Jim is a ninth grade bilingual student who has been referred for special education services due to his poor academic performance (Miller, K., Koury, K., Mitchem, K., Fitzgerald, G., & Hollingsead, C., 2005). One of the target behaviors selected for improvement was the raising of the hand and waiting for permission to speak. As part of the intervention, Jim used a self monitoring point card system from KidTools to track his behavior in class. At a timer that sounded every five minutes, Jim recorded his behavior as on-task or off-task. At the end of the week, Jim earned points to purchase items while completing a reinforcement inventory if he was "on-task" for an average of at least 80% of the momentary time sampling opportunities. During the first three days of the intervention, Jim went from being off task on five time sampling observations to being 100% on-task. As reported by his teacher, the i ntervention was very successful as the occurrence of off-task behavior decreased and the student's on-task behavior

Transcendentalism Quotes Essay Example for Free

Transcendentalism Quotes Essay It looks poorest when you are richest. I: People who have enthusiasm in material possession usually can not suppress their endless desire of chasing wealth and fame, however, it shows the extreme poor inside of their spirit. They only pay attention on external possessions but never realize that the depth of thoughts and independence of lives reflect the real rich. The suitable simplicity is spirituality. Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends. Turn the old; return to them. I: Complexity bleeds only dissatisfaction. When people want more than they get, their desire will never be fulfilled and develop into greed. Get back to the original of the nature and life, have the simplicity of everything whatever friendship or possession, always remember the best is the original. Envy is ignorance; imitation is suicide. I: Individual is unique in the world, everyone has his own way to go and can’t be duplicated. Envy only brings hatred and ignorance of inherent talent through comparison. Others’ ways are broad road to them but thorny path to different person. Blind imitation likes putting a lotus into the desert; it never works and leads to death. Wise people trust themselves, choose their way and walk carefully step by step and realize their dreams. Whose would be a man must be nonconformist. I: Society is a framework that limits individual’s ability. To discover the inner capacity we should trust ourselves, jump out of the conformity and express the real thoughts. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried. I:You will never know the result unless you try it. Everything begins with trying so trust yourself and just do it. Where there is a desire you should get up and try. If you have the courage to try that undoubtfully you can continue finishing it. Man is born to try, a step, a drink and a touch. The individual has always had to struggle to keep from being overwhelmed, If you  try it, you will be lonely often, and sometimes frightened. But no price is too high to pay for the privilege of believing yourself.

Could Schizophrenia Be The Answer To The Mysterious Vampire Legend :: essays research papers fc

Could Schizophrenia be the Answer to the Mysterious Vampire Legend? The vampire legend and many behaviors and experiences of schizophrenics seem to share many common traits. The traits that are most recognizable are "fears of being enclosed, periods of semistarvation or complete starvation, which can be associated with periodic gorging, reversal of the day-night cycle, and a preoccupation with or dread of mirrors" (Kayton 304). Though the term 'schizophrenia' or 'demence precoce' was only introduced in 1852 (Boyle 43), behaviors of people affected by this illness have been documented much earlier. The concept of a dead person returning in his living physical form and feeding on the living is considered a vampire. The vampire is believed to also be capable of transmitting his vampirism to those he infect or bite. Kayton recognizes that though this belief has been found in early writings of the Babylonians, Semites, and Egyptians, the most famous vampire scare swept Europe in 1730. This vampire epidemic lasted approximately five years (305). The legend consistency continues with adolescent and young adult schizophrenia. It is presented to us that young suicide victims were most likely believed to become vampires and attack members of their families (Kayton 304-05). Suicide was not an uncommon event among schizophrenic patients (Boyle 255). Suicide patients are a very important part of this equation because according to the legend in England suicides were buried with a stake pierced in or near the heart. This was to ensure that that the ghost of the person would not come back and haunt the living, to prevent the suicide victim from becoming a vampire (Kayton 305). In Dracula, Lucy was killed after she had already started to haunt the living. She was killed after with a stake driven through her heart as a "duty to others" and to the dead, so that she may truly be "passed away", as "God's true dead" (266, 277-279). Some documented cases of vampirism indicate that sometimes the psychodynamics' of vampires can erupt into materialized behavioral psychopathology (Kayton 304). For example, Vincenz Verzeni an Italian in 1872, a Frenchman named Leger in 1827, and a German Fritz Haarman demonstrate to the rare appearance of clinical vampirism (Kayton 306). Haarman himself killed approximately 24 adolescent males. This is interesting since many believe that vampires only attack those of the opposite sex. Even Bram Stoker's Dracula disproves this belief when the Count (Dracula) informs the three vampire women that Jonathan belongs to him (55).

Laboratory Management- General Functions of a Laboratory Manager

MEDICAL LABORATORY MANAGEMENT (MLB 2120) BTECH: BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 2: APPRAISE MANAGEMENT STYLES APPLICABLE TO THE LABORATORY DATE: 19 MARCH 2013 JJ. ROSSOUW S210034297 Contents:page Introduction3 What is expected from a manager? 3-4 What knowledge and skills do they need? 4 What training and qualifications do they need? 4 Five basic functions of a manager5 Roles performed by managers5-7 Skills required by a manager8 Conclusion 9 References10 Introduction In this assignment the general functions of a laboratory manager is being discussed.The laboratory(lab) manager is involved in organizing all aspects of the laboratory environment. They supervise general workflow; to ensure that the staff pertains to professional customer service. They do the maintenance of equipment such as the quality control, pricing, purchasing and the day-to-day functioning of the lab. The lab manager must have excellent customer service skills in order to liaise with photographers and designers. They must set up clear communication channels and develop systems and strategies to deal with fast-moving and sometimes unpredictable workload. Read this  Respiratory ActivityThey are also required to keep up with the latest development in technology and help improve productivity, profitability and client satisfaction (http://www. ceartiveskillset. org). What is expected from a Lab manager? * A lab manager must organize and manage the workflow in the laboratory. * They must co-ordinate activities throughout the laboratory. * It is expected that they delegate work amongst the various technicians and technologists. * They must monitor outputs and keep record of workflow and the usage of supplies. * They must supervise the ordering and delivery of new laboratory supplies. They must test and calibrate equipment to ensure optimum results, monitor chemistry in equipment. * A lab manager must perform quality tests and ensure the company meets its quality assurance standards. * They must oversee customer service to maximize sales. * They must promote the continuing professional development of staff and oversee the training of trai nees. * A lab manager must therefore make risk assessments for the laboratory and ensure that the company’s Health & Safety policy is observed. * The lab manager may also be involved in the development of new products and service to encourage the growth of the business. It is also required that a lab manager work long hours, however they are fairly well paid and enjoy the benefits of a regular salary, holidays and a company pension. What knowledge and skills do the need to have? The lab manager must possess excellent colour vision and have an excellent eye for colour, contrast, density and other graphic effects. They must also possess good analytical, problem solving and decision making skills. They must have a positive, pro-active attitude and pay close attention to detail. They need first class planning and time-management skills.They must also have the ability to motivate staff members. They should be a good listener and have the ability to communicate ideas and instructio ns clear and in a concise manner. They should be able to understand graphs and accounts, maintain accurate records, and put schedules and reports together. Lab managers need to have an excellent all round knowledge of all the equipment and processes used in the laboratory. They must have IT and Digital Imaging skills. They must always stay calm and level headed and be able to make racional decisions under stressful conditions. What training and qualifications do they need?Most laboratory managers first work as a technician or technologist before becoming a lab manager. Therefore it is required that they do some form of management training courses that may be useful. Employers usually place more value on applicants who have training and experience in the operation of most forms of processing, digital imaging and printing equipment. There are five basic functions of a Manager: 1. Planning- this step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. 2. Organizing- After th e plan is in place, a manager needs to organize the employees and assign work and granting authority. . Staffing- After a manager discerns their areas needs, they decide to beef up staffing by recruiting, selecting, training and developing employees. They often work with the Human resource department to approach this goal. 4. Leading- A manger must do more than just plan, organize to achieve their goals but they must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and solve problems with the employees. 5. Controlling- After the other elements are in place, a manager’s job is not finished.They need to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that their areas plans remain on track (http://m. cliffsnotes. com). Roles performed by managers: A manager wears many hats. Not only are they a teamleader but are also involved in planning, organizing coaching, problem-solving and decision-making. Manager’s schedules are usually jam-packed. Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories: * Interpersonal: this role involves human interaction. * Informational: This role involves the sharing and analyzing of information. Decisional: This role involves decision making. Table 1 explains the category roles that a manager carries out. Table 1: Mintzberg’s set of Ten Roles Category | Role| Activity| Informational| Monitor| Seek and receive information; scan periodicals and reports; maintain personal contacts with clients. | | Disseminator| Forward information to nd phone calls. organization members via memos, reports | | Spokesperson| Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos and speeches. | Interpersonal| Figurehead| Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. | Leader| Direct and motivate subordinates; counsel and communicate with subordinates. | | Liaison| Maintain information links both inside and outside the organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. | Decisional| Entrepreneur| Initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to others. | | Disturbance handler| Take corrective action during disputes or crises; resolve conflicts among subordinates; adapt to environment. | | Resource allocator| Decide who gets resources; prepare budgets; set schedules and determine priorities. | Negotiator| Represent department during negotiations of union contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. | Skills required by a manager Not anyone can be a manager. Certain skills, or abilities to translate knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are requires helping other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories: * Technical: This skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform partic ular tasks. * Human: This skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others.Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A manager with good human skills has a high degree of self awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. * Conceptual: This skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into smaller parts to see the relations among the parts and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others. Although all three categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative mportance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibilities. Conclusion: A laboratory manager/general manager plays an important role in any organization or company. A manager has to have certain characteristics in order to be a successful leader. They are also required to possess certain leadership ski lls, in order to be a great leader. References: Lab manager (n. d). Skillset, viewed 19 February 2013, http://www. creativeskillset. org/uploads/pdf/asset_10118. pdf? 4. Functions of Managers. CliffsNotes. com, viewed from http://m. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/Functions-of-Managers. topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8848. html.

Learn How to Conjugate Téléphoner (to Call) in French

As you might expect, the French verb  tà ©là ©phoner  means to call or to telephone. Unlike the verb  appeler, which also means to call, this one refers specifically to a telephone conversation. In order to properly use tà ©là ©phoner to say things such as he called or I am calling, you will need to know how to conjugate the verb. The good news is that this is a regular verb, so not only is it easy to memorize, its also relatively easy to conjugate. A brief lesson will show you how thats done. The Basic Conjugations of  Tà ©là ©phoner In comparison to other French verbs, tà ©là ©phoner is one of the easier verb conjugations to study. Thats because this is a  regular -er verb, meaning it uses a very common pattern as you move from one form of the verb to another. As with all regular verbs, you will add a variety of endings to the verb stem (or radical) to form each conjugation. The catch with the French language is that there is a new ending for every subject pronoun within each tense, giving you more words to memorize. The radical of tà ©là ©phoner  is tà ©là ©phon-.  Using the chart, you can see which ending you need to add to that for your sentence. For example, I am calling is  je tà ©là ©phone  and we will call is  nous tà ©là ©phonerons. Present Future Imperfect je tlphone tlphonerai tlphonais tu tlphones tlphoneras tlphonais il tlphone tlphonera tlphonait nous tlphonons tlphonerons tlphonions vous tlphonez tlphonerez tlphoniez ils tlphonent tlphoneront tlphonaient The Present Participle of  Tà ©là ©phoner When you add -ant  to the radical of  tà ©là ©phoner, you get the  present participle  tà ©là ©phonant. It is a verb, though in some situations you may also use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun. Tà ©là ©phoner  in the Compound Past Tense The past tense can be either the imperfect or the passà © composà ©, which is a compound. To form this, youll need to conjugate the auxiliary verb avoir to the present tense, then attach the past participle tà ©là ©phonà ©. For example, I called is jai tà ©là ©phonà © and we called is nous avons tà ©là ©phonà ©. More Simple Conjugations of Tà ©là ©phoner There are a few more simple conjugations of  tà ©là ©phoner  that you may need at times. The subjunctive, for instance, calls the act into question while  the conditional  says its dependent on something else. The literary tenses of the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are also good to know because you may encounter them while reading. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je tlphone tlphonerais tlphonai tlphonasse tu tlphones tlphonerais tlphonas tlphonasses il tlphone tlphonerait tlphona tlphont nous tlphonions tlphonerions tlphonmes tlphonassions vous tlphoniez tlphoneriez tlphontes tlphonassiez ils tlphonent tlphoneraient tlphonrent tlphonassent The imperative form  is used for very direct sentences and often used alone, so the subject pronoun is not required. In this instance, its perfectly acceptable to shorten  tu  tà ©là ©phone  to  tà ©là ©phone. Imperative (tu) tlphone (nous) tlphonons (vous) tlphonez